A Look into Edna St. Vincent Millay’s Poem

Edna St. Vincent Millay’s poem â€Å"What lips my lips have kissed† evokes a sad song that where a lady is regretting all the lovers she had lost. The choice of this particular poem by Edna St. Vincent Millay could be justified by the fact that readers can easily relate to it because it talks about a universal theme, which is love. Although it reeks of regret and loneliness, the poet effectively successfully used palpable symbols and words to describe the past events that transpired in her life. In the poem, the speaker casts herself as a â€Å"lonely tree†. One writer, Epstein (2001) proclaims that this poem is â€Å"a summing up of [the author’s] love life to date, and an occasion to invoke the classic themes of elegy, the tempus fugit and the ubi sunt† (p. 139): What lips my lips have kissed, and where, and why I have forgotten, and what arms have lain Under my head till morning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . And in my heart there stirs a quiet pain For unremembered lads that not again Will turn to me at midnight with a cry. Thus in the winter stands the lonely tree, Nor knows what birds have vanished one by one, Yet knows its boughs more silent than before. It seems that the speaker in the poem is an aging lady signified by the songless tree. Indeed, she is an epitome of loneliness and regret, one that we might be tempted to read as a prototype of abandoned womanhood, pathetic and powerless. Male desire in the love sonnets where the woman as a speaker always masquerades feminine weakness and sentimentality; often beseeching, and consumed by desire. However, when a male lover speaks, it would imply â€Å"authority of suffering and, perhaps more importantly, with the authority of convention†. When Millay masquerades as a male poet masquerading as a lovesick woman, the â€Å"sense of where sincerity meets gesture and how authority aligns itself with gender is confused† (Freedman, 1995, p. 113). In its structure, the poem is classified as a sonnet that has a particular rhyming pattern: abbaabba cdedce. The poem uses alliteration and assonance. It is also rich in naturally-occurring symbols, which all readers can easily connect. The poem begins with a one-sentence octave that presents the situation in which the narrator finds herself–inside a house during the rain, reminiscing about her past and forgotten lovers. The inverted sentence structure of the first two lines almost suggests a question rather than a statement: How many lovers were there? The alliterations in the first line additionally emphasize the repetitiveness of the narrator’s sexual encounters. At the same time, the perfect tense mean that this phase of her life has been completed, and the body part symbolisms of lips, arms, and head imply her distance from the experience. In the third line, Millay moves to the present tense, where she describes the memories of her lovers (using a ghost metaphor) aroused by the rain, a symbol for gloom and melancholia. These are the lovers that â€Å"tap and sigh†. The narrator seems insinuating that the lovers themselves are irrelevant. For the same reason, â€Å"Millay picks a metaphor that hints at facelessness and lack of welcome and resonates with the specific time of the midnight hour†. The central phrase in this section is â€Å"quiet pain,† an â€Å"almost-oxymoron suggesting that the narrator's grief is muted or accepted† (Schurer, 2005). As signified by the forward movement of tenses, Millay gives the readers a slight glimpse of things to come as well: However, undeniably, she   regrets everything and she expects no intimacy in the future. In the end, the female narrator seems not interested in the identity of her lovers as in the memory of the emotions they allowed her to experience.   Despite the sadness and regret, the narrator presented peace or redemption as a â€Å"faint echo of the emotion of love from her youth† (Schurer, 2005). Despite the lonely themes and symbols, we can sense of equality in love; to the demand by women that they be allowed to enter the world of adventure and experiment in love which men have long inhabited. However, Millay does not sound to be any feminist to argue for that equality. She just makes it subtle, exhibits it in this poem and turns it into beauty. Works Cited Epstein, Daniel Mark. What Lips My Lips Have Kissed: The Loves and Love Poems of Edna St. Vincent Millay. New York: Holt, 2001. Freedman, Diane P., ed. Millay at 100: A Critical Reappraisal. Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press, 1995. Schurer, Norbert. â€Å"Millay's what lips my lips have kissed, and where, and why†, The Explicator, 63.2 (Winter 2005): 94-97.

Organizational Behaviour Case Study

Hourly workers—people who are paid a set dollar amount for each hour they work—have long been the backbone of the U. S. economy. But times are changing, and with them so also is the lot of the hourly worker. As they can with most employment conditions, organizations are able to take a wider variety of approaches to managing compensation for hourly workers. And nowhere are these differences more apparent than in the contrasting conditions for hourly workers at General Motors and Wal-Mart. General Motors is an old, traditional industrial company that until recently was the nation’s largest employer. And for decades, its hourly workers have been protected by strong labor union like the United Auto Workers (UAW). These unions, in turn, have forged contracts and established working conditions that almost seem archaic in today’s economy. Consider, for example, the employment conditions of Tim Philbrick, a forty-two-year-old plant worker and union member at the firm’s Fairfax plant near Kansas City who has worked for GM for twenty-three years. Mr. Philbrick makes almost $20 an hour in base pay. With a little overtime, his annual earnings top $60,000. But even then, he is far from the highest-paid factory worker at GM. Skilled-trade workers like electricians and toolmakers make $2 to $2. 50 an hour more, and with greater overtime opportunities often make $100,000 or more per year. Mr. Philbrick also gets a no-deductible health insurance policy that allows him to see any doctor he wants. He gets four weeks of vacation per year, plus two week off at Christmas and at least another week off in July. Mr. Philbrick gets two paid twenty-three-minute breaks and a paid thirty-minute lunch break per day. He also has the option of retiring after thirty years with full benefits. GM estimates that, with benefits, its average worker makes more than $43 an hour. Perhaps not surprisingly, then, the firm is always looking for opportunities to reduce its workforce through attrition and cutbacks, with the goal of replacing production capacity with lower-cost labor abroad. The UAW, on the other hand, of course, is staunchly opposed to further workforce reductions and cutbacks. And long-standing work rules strictly dictate who gets overtime, who can be laid off and who can’t, and myriad other employment condition for Mr. Philbrick and his peers. But the situation at GM is quite different—in a lot of ways—from conditions at Wal-Mart. Along many different dimensions Wal-Mart is slowly but surely supplanting General Motors as the quintessential U. S. corporation. For example, it is growing rapidly, is becoming more and more ingrained in the American lifestyle, and now employs more people than GM did in its heyday. But the hourly worker at Wal-Mart has a much different experience than the hourly worker at GM. For example, consider Ms. Nancy Handley, a twenty-seven-year-old Wal-Mart employee who oversees the men department at a big store in St. Louis. Jobs like Ms. Handley’s pay between $9 and $11 an hour, or about $20,000 a year. About $100 a month is deducted from Ms. Handley’s paycheck to help cover the cost of benefits. Her health insurance has a $250 deductible; she then pays 20 percent of her health-care cots as long as she uses a set of approved physicians. During her typical workday, Ms. Handley gets tow fifteen-minute breaks and an hour for lunch, which are unpaid. Some feel that conditions are inadequate. Barbara Ehrenreich, author of Nickel and Dimed: On (Not) Getting By in America, worked at a Wal-Mart while researching her book and now says, â€Å"Why would anybody put up with the wages we were paid? † But Ms. Handley doesn’t feel mistreated by Wal-Mart. Far from it, she says she is appropriately compensated for what she does. She has received three merit raises in the last seven years and has ample job security. Moreover, if she decides to try for advancement, Wal-Mart seems to offer considerable potential, promoting thousands of hourly workers a year to the ranks of management. And Ms. Handley is clearly not unique in her views—Wal-Mart employees routinely reject any and all overtures from labor unions. In the twenty-first century, the gap between â€Å"Old Economy† and â€Å"New Economy† workers, between unionized manufacturing workers and nonunion or service workers, may be shrinking. Unions are losing their power in the auto industry, for example, as foreign-owned plants within the United States give makers such as Toyota and BMW, which are nonunion, a cost advantage over the Big Three U. S. automakers. U. S. irms are telling the UAW and other unions, â€Å"We’re becoming noncompetitive, and unless you organize the [foreign-owned firms], we’re going to have to modify the proposals we make you. † At the same time, Wal-Mart is facing lawsuits from employees who clam the retailer forced them to work unpaid overtime, among other charges. At Las Vegas store, the firm faces its first union election. In a world where Wa l-Mart employs three times as many workers as GM, it may be inevitable that the retailer’s labor will organize. On the other hand, will labor unions continue to lose their power to determine working conditions for America’s workforce? References: Joann Muller, â€Å"can The UAW Stay in the Game?† Business Week, June 10, 2002. HYPERLINK â€Å"http://www.businessweek.com† www.businessweek.com on June 3, 2002; Mark Gimein, â€Å"Sam Walton Made Us a Promise,† Fortune, March 18, 2002. HYPERLINK â€Å"http://www.fortune.com† www.fortune.com on June 3, 2002.

Teaching Survival Skills

Should students be taught survival skills in schools? Have you ever thought about how you would survive if you were to be stranded alone? No food, no water, no shelter, nothing to make a fire with except sticks and a rock. If you were in a dangerous situation, would you be able to make it out alive? Schools nowadays are teaching many different classes. Some are very useful, but some may not be. Most kids today wouldn't know the first thing to do if they were alone and needed to find food or create a shelter. There are no survival skills taught to us as children, we are simply taught to do paperwork our entire lives. If schools taught survival in one class in each school around the globe, human intelligence would double and we would evolve. Teaching survival skills helps the mind. It helps make us think faster, smarter and can even teach us more responsibility and independence. Indianoutskirts.com says that â€Å"humans live in many habitats and need survival skills to evolve and change according to our environment†. Some skills students should be taught include: how to cook on an open fire, how to be able to identify if water is safe enough to drink, and how to climb a tree to get away from dangers or predators. Most parents do not teach their children or even think to see if they are equipped with survival skills. Some parents may not agree with teaching these skills in schools, they might not even want them to learn at all. They may say that they do not want to scare them or say that they do not think their child is interested in the topic. Even though they may not be interested, parents should try to explain to them the dangers, how to avoid them and how to survive if they are ever in that situation. The biggest reason that parents should teach their kids these things is because we live in uncertain times. Children who do not learn these skill sets could face many challenges. The world changes everyday and humans learn to adapt and to evolve with their environments. We should be teaching our kids self-defense and many other skills to benefit them in their lives. In the future, if we learn more skills as children, the human species may continue on for billions of years to come.

Sabra and Shatila Masacre Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Sabra and Shatila Masacre - Essay Example The Sabra and Shatila Massacre is considered a forgotten incident in the western media. [2] How ever the incident is considered to be a controvercial issue with the Palestinian, Arab and International Muslims, alleging Israel to be the main culprit behind the tragic incident, acusing the Jewish State of Master minding the Israel event incidents. Israel on the contrary partially agrees of its link with the incident but denying any knowledge of a mass murder during the time of its procession clearing itself with the direct massacre of the refugee camp inhabitants. Israel supported Bachir and considered the maronite forces to be the counter balance to the PLO and thus the relationship between Israel and Maronites became stronger, with the Falangists in particular, by the passage of time. How ever, nine days before he was due to take oath, Bachir was assasinated in a bomb detonation attack at the head quarters of the Phalangists party on 14th September 1982. The attack was alleged by the Falangists to be the work of PLO activists which later became a misperception as investigations and confessions later on reveald a Syrian hand in the assasination. Mr.Arial Sharon, who is considered the master mind behind the incident, declared that there were 2000 PLO activists in the refugee camp. Sabra and Shatila was surrounded by tanks and and soldiers with check points to monitor entry and exit of people. Despite of the check points around 150 Falangists, motivated with the feeling revenge after the assasination of their leader, entered the Sabra and Shatila Refugee camp alleging it to be a sanctuary and breeding nest for the PLO activists and aiming to wipe out their presence iniatiated. -these fighters are alleged to inserted by Israel- A plan of defence Minsiter Ariel Sharon [3] According to witnesses, a carnage of mass murder, rape, desecration of corpses & demolition of buildings with the residents still inside. The "genocide" as discussed above cotinued for 62 hours from 16th September going on to Saturday morning and had resulted in casualties speculated to be in 750-3400 estimated by various sources. IDF intelligence suggests a death toll to be between 700-800 persons [4] Dr. Ang Swee Chai, an eye witness to the Massacre reveals in her book " From Beirut to Jerusalem: "The truth hit me painfully...Besides being shot dead, people was tortured before being killed. They were beaten brutally, electric wires were tied round limbs, eyes were dug out, women were raped, and often more than once, children were dynamited alive. Looking at all the broken bodies, I began to think that those who had died quickly were the lucky ones. Extract from p67 of the book "From Beirut to Jerusalem". [5] United Nations Condemns On Dec 16 1982 United Nations Organization's General Assembly condemned the massacre terming it as an act of "Genocide" The General Assembly, Recalled its resolution 95 (I) of 11 December 1946, It also recalled its resolu

The interview about communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The interview about communication - Essay Example The first question I asked my friend is related to his view regarding the relations between communications and culture. He believes that communication and culture are closely intertwined with each other. In fact, my friend holds that the lack or non-existence of culture would result to the impossibility of the development of communication, historically and vice versa. He gives an example of the development of the human species. He explained that the earliest days of human beings were close to the culture of communication. Communication first started out as a necessity for collective survival of human tribes. Eventually, culture was developed as humanity developed communication skills. It came to a point wherein human beings formed different societies, created their own culture, and produced cultural distinctions and differences. This leads to the next question regarding the method behind communication as a means to bridging cultural differences. My friend answers that finding a bridge between the cultural differences of people requires understanding the culture of others. Man must look and understand another culture for what it is without any preconceived judgments or prejudices. There is no such thing as a general application of one cultural aspect to another. Each culture has its own perspective regarding different matters or points of view. According to my friend, there is a tendency for many prevailing cultures to insist that their point of view regarding any matter applies, or should be applied and adhered to by other cultures.

The Entrepreneur I Most Admire Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

The Entrepreneur I Most Admire - Essay Example The first part of the essay gives a brief outline of the profile of Warren Buffet and tracks the path of his career as an entrepreneur. The reason for the selection of this person has been explained in detail. In the later parts of the essay the strategies and models adopted by Warren Buffet has been analysed. Finally a reflection has been provided on the learning from the business model and strategies of the person and how it can be implemented in the present day scenario as a starter. Discussion Warren Buffet, the CEO of Berkshire Hathaway is also a stock market investor whose net worth is estimated at $58.5 billion as on 2013. Considered to be the most successful investor of his time, he is the largest shareholder of Berkshire Hathaway and has been ranked as the richest man of the world for many consecutive years. The person has remained loyal to the philosophy of value investing that he believed in throughout his life and followed meticulously. Along with the materialistic part o f his life it must also be mentioned that Buffet is a well acclaimed philanthropist. He had taken up a motto of donating 99% of his profits to the charity in form of donations. The person has been chosen for the discussion in this essay chiefly because his story would motivate a large number of entrepreneurs who are in the making. Buffet reached the heights even from a very humble background chiefly because of his hard work, his ideas, his will power and his ability to understand the field in which he operated. Since childhood Buffet has the passion for making money which he continued to pursue throughout the rest of his life. Buffet was lucky to have the securities analyst Benjamin Graham and David Dodd as his mentors in Columbia Business School and the education that he gathered from these two maestros helped him in his later phases of life (Hagstrom, 2005, p. 29). People like Warren Buffet act as inspiration for the entrepreneur who want to start their own business. Not only that Buffet reached the heights from the grass root levels and therefore he had enough foresight about the future and experience of the practical aspects of life. Being a person who is continuously dealing with money, Buffet never avoided the ethical and moral aspects of life. He always believed that whether human relations or business, values are important for long term sustainability. Warren Buffet as an Entrepreneur Various types of Entrepreneurship models are used by the businesses in the present day. The types of businesses have been depicted in the chart below. (Source: MIT Sloan Management Review, 2007, p. 77) The kind of ownership of the management in the organisation would determine the entrepreneurial style. On the other hand the source of the resources whether come in an ad hoc manner or through a pool of resources created by individuals in the corporate world determines the type of entrepreneur. Warren Buffet would come under the enabler model because the employees of Berksh ire Hathaway are provided with a lot of flexibility and support when they come up with their new ideas. They are encouraged to pursue their personal goals as long as they remain aligned with the goals of the organisation. Buffet has pursued this kind of model chiefly because of the fact that he himself has moved along in the path of freedom in the thought process and pursuing the field of

Poetry Terms ( eye rhyme) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Poetry Terms ( eye rhyme) - Essay Example However once pronounced, they change and start rhyming hence beginning to make perfect sense. The eye rhyme is normally classified in the group of rhymes defined by nature of similarity. This classification is so because the rhyming words are usually similar in pronunciation and hence very easy to capture them when a poem is being read. This type of rhyming according to poets and other poetry experts is usually highly conventional that is represented in a highly symbolic form yet it is simplified at the same time and in most cases it acts as a reflection of historical changes in the pronunciation for example the words why and envy or even love, move and prove. When said that they reflect historic times, it simply means that this type of rhyme has been there from the early years in the English poems (especially those written during renaissance period) but they have only been recognized as eye rhymes by modern poets. This is true for an eye rhyme like slaughter and laughter. Eye rhymes can also be said to be half rhymes or slant rhymes which have very slight repetition of sounds and pronunciation for example hill and full. The rhyming words are also almost close but not exact and the difference is majorly noted during pronunciation of these words as they have different spellings. Another example of this is glorious and nefarious. The famous American poet Emily Dickinson also is fond of using half rhymes or eye rhymes in her works. This is evident in one of her poems â€Å"Hope is the thing with feathers† where there are the words soul and all (Eliopulos and Todd 48). The eye rhymes according to other poetry works are also known as sight rhymes. This is because they involve words that are similar in pronunciation but different when it comes to spelling for example sight and right. The trick in eye rhymes for those who are not poets or poetry experts is therefore to understand the meaning of the eye rhyme so that

Responsible Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Responsible Business - Essay Example Various industries, including the fashion retailing industry has been significantly focused on effective waste management strategies as one of the pivotal concerns of its Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) initiatives. Emphasising on this particular issue, the essay will focus on identifying the waste management strategies applied by NEXT applying various theoretical frameworks, governmental intervention policies and industrial aspects. Discussion A Theoretical Description Concentrating on Desjardins’ environmental perspectives, it can be argued that organizations should take necessary initiatives towards sustainable development rendering due consideration towards the various environmental aspects such as landfills and emission rates among others by performing ethically sound and responsible supply chain activities (Herman & et. al., 1990). As described by Desjardins, ‘dematerialization’ is primarily referred to the comprehensive or relative minimization in the quantity of materials or resources which are needed to produce goods or to maintain the economic position of a nation. It can be viewed in this regard that that there are limited amount of resources available from the surrounding environment whereas the activities which are developed in this eco-system needs unlimited consumption of resources in an unsustainable manner owing to which companies should emphasise on effective waste management strategies (Herman & et. al., 1990; Metro Vancouver, 2011). Based on a similar concern, Braungart & et. al. (2006) described that transformation of human industry through intelligent designing is necessary for ecological system implications. Contextually, eco-efficiency as well as zero emission is primarily concentrated towards minimizing the accidental negative consequences of manufacturing procedures often applied by industries (Braungart & et. al., 2006). With a similar viewpoint, Gibbs & et. al. (2012) described that industrial ecology and re gional development should be considered as a cluster policy when developing sustainability strategies, especially those concerning waste management. In this regard, organisations have often been suggested to concentrate upon applying industrial ecology standards with the objective to minimize or remove the negative consequences of economic development (Gibbs & et. al., 2012). Based on a similar context, Hawken & et. al. (1999) developed the theory of ‘Natural Capitalism’ which is considered as an evaluation framework of conventional ‘Industrial Capitalism’. This system also neglects the values of human capital in terms of living system, natural resources, socials and cultural system. Hence, it can be implied that ‘Natural Capitalism’ identifies the interdependence of human capital on the preservation of the natural capital (Birkin, 2001). Applying Theoretical Frameworks Waste Management Hierarchy In relation to waste management hierarchy, the o verall operation of NEXT within the UK and Ireland has primarily focused on how to minimize its environmental impact by

Chapter review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Chapter review - Essay Example In Chapter 9, Poets and Revolutionaries: Three Women of Calcutta, she reveals the lives and insights of three strong-willed and talented women in the city, Aparna Sen, a film maker, Nabaneeta Dev Sen, a poet and Veena Bhargava, a painter. The chapter discussed their careers and their womanhood. In this chapter, you’ll be able to see their individuality and how they achieved their independence and uniqueness. This chapter provided Bumiller the contrast she needed in showing the different lives of the women in the rural villages and the women in the cities. Her interviews with the three successful women of the city showed that none of them think they faced problems because of their womanhood. This is in contrast to the other women she was able to interview during the previous chapters. It shows here in this chapter that these three women were leading their lives not very different from their Western counterparts. They grew up having dinners with their families. They also have differences with themselves to the point that sometimes they question their own actions, choosing between their family life and their careers. Though they might not have any problems or issues that they encounter that will make them feel oppressed and exploited, far different from the other women of India living outside the cities, they have the common problem of the dilemma of doing one thing over another. This can be seen in the sacrifices that they have to make in order to become successful. The women in this chapter were only a few of those that were able to define their personal and social identities. They were able to master control over their lives, sometimes even the control over the men. Much different from the women of the rurals, where most are slaves to a very oppressing and explo itative society. Here, it showed how they used the many issues of oppression and exploitation of other women of India to push their own

Economic Crisis And Opportunity For Entrepreneurship Research Proposal

Economic Crisis And Opportunity For Entrepreneurship - Research Proposal Example An innovative entrepreneur is expected to possess high-risk appetite when starting a venture with the clear understanding of the correlation between risk & uncertainty which can be calculated by applying known probabilities and impacts. Knowing the industry dynamics, the entrepreneurs are expected to take calculated risks into account to bear the uncertainty of production & trade. The payoff is the profit earned by the entrepreneur which is the primary motive. In this context, the venture capitalist plays the role of trusting the innovation & risk appetite of an entrepreneur and providing funds for transitioning the ideas into action thus helping in the formation of good performing start-ups. A nation having the effective framework of capitalists (Banks, Financial Institutions, Private lenders, etc.) ensures better development of entrepreneurship thus boosting the economic growth. ...Entrepreneurs generate new ideas by virtue of innovations which may comprise of: (a) Introduction of a new product in the market (b) Introduction of a new technology in the market (c) Introduction of a new methodology of production in the industry (d) Opening a new business potential & market in the region which has remained untouched largely by other companies (e) Discovery of a new source of supply of raw materials, support & services which is not known to other companies (f) Building a new organization system with the innovative business model not tested by other organizations (g) Overall, create new profit opportunities An innovative entrepreneur is expected to possess high-risk appetite when starting a venture with the clear understanding of the correlation between risk & uncertainty which can be calculated by applying known probabilities and impacts. Knowing the industry dynamics, the entrepreneurs are expected to take calculated risks into account to bear the uncertainty of production & trade.

Age-Related Changes that Occur in the Cardiovascular System Essay Example for Free

Age-Related Changes that Occur in the Cardiovascular System Essay The title page introducing what subject I am planning on presenting to the residents of the independent living facility. It tells them who I am and what subject is being presented. The residents that I am going to be addressing are healthy, active and mentally alert senior who want to learn more about health conditions that are affecting their age group in general and are of major concern. Slide 2 Homeostasis is the equilibrium of the body. Homeostasis is maintained by the balance of our vital signs to keep us on an even keel. The definition of Homeostasis is, â€Å"Homeostasis is the compensation of the vital signs to regulate the hearts blood flow and maintain balance within the body† (Jenkins, Kemnitz, Tortora 2010). The autonomic system and its branches keep the body moving and functioning. Like these teeter-totters the parasympathetic and the sympathetic move oppose of each other, but keep a slow steady rhythm and together they work as a whole. Slide 3 The fight or flight dilemma. The fight stance is pretty self-explanatory; these are noticeable effects like pupils dilated, neck and shoulders stiffen up or tense, chest pain or palpations, mouth can get very dry or cotton mouth, these are just some of the examples of signs and symptoms that an individual can experience. The flight stance is more hidden and not necessarily identified by the patient or doctor until the more noticeable symptoms are visible. Some of the hidden symptoms can be, but not limited to blood pressure can get higher to a dangerous level, more adrenalin is released into the individuals system, liver produces more glucose to give energy to the muscles, and the digestion system will slow or stop completely. Slide 4 Some of the side effects from medication or treatments can be uncomfortable and more severe than the symptoms of the condition that is being treated. Looking on the brighter side is that once the medication or treatments are manageable the medication is controlling the condition, than life can get back to normal except for some life style changes. Diet and exercise can be the most drastic changes, and the hardest to comply with. If an individual has never exercised much and has lived on fast food, eating healthy and increasing activity besides sitting in front of the television can be the most challenging. Slide 5 A hypertensive heart has thickened ventricular walls which make the heart work harder to pump the blood throughout the body. When the walls thicken, the elasticity is decreases and the heart and other systems need to work harder to pump oxygenated blood throughout the body. Any condition that affects the oxygenated blood from flowing through the heart can cause the ventricular walls to thicken. As we age our blood pressure increases, age, ethninticity, weight, and genetics can play a role in a hypertensive heart condition. Slide 6 Hypertension is sometimes call, â€Å"The Silent Killer† (www. medicinenet. com 2013). Hypertension usually does not have any symptoms and puts a lot of stress on other major organs which over time will start to deteriorate. Some side- affects that can impact quality of life are sexual dysfunction, stroke, heart disease, kidney disease, and neurological problems. Sexual dysfunction is usually more noticeable and bothersome to men. Heart disease can lead to other heart related problems, like heart attack (MCI), stroke (CVA), and congestive heart failure (CHF). Slide 7 After the diagnosis of hypertension, the physician and individual will work on a plan to manage the hypertension. Most of the time this includes medication, low fat, low sodium diet and exercise. This will include some changes in your family’s life to. Our society functions on fast food, and not enough education on the right foods to eat. Exercise can be as little as walking around the block or as much as working out at the gym several times a week. Blood pressure needs to be taken every time there is a doctor’s appointment and sometimes it should be Slide 8 Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) is caused from a waxy substance building up in the coronary arteries called plaque. Blood is slowed because of the plaque blocking the arteries and slowing the blood flow. Sometimes the plaque can disengage and cause a blood clot that if not detected and treated can cause a stroke or heart attack. The lack of oxygen-rich blood to the heart and major arteries over time will cause organ to deteriorate and healthy tissue and muscles will start to die. Acting quickly is the key in recovering from a heart attack or not surviving. Some symptoms can include chest pain or discomfort, shortness of breath, and dizziness. Men generally have classic signs of a heart attack; women can have other symptoms that are not classic symptoms, like lower back pain, and even neck pain. Slide 9 Heart attacks can be caused from medication (legal and illegal), stress, diet, generational, exposure to extreme cold weather, and cigarette smoking. Drugs and alcohol when taken in large quantities can be damaging to body when not prescribed for a treated condition. Narcotics, over-the-counter, cocaine, methamphetamine, methadone, alcohol, even medication for certain conditions if taken differently than prescribed can do harm to the heart and body. Slide 10 Congestive Heart Failure (CHF) is the leading cause for hospitalization in individuals over the age of 65 years old. The heart needs to work harder to pump oxygen-rich blood through the body. The myocardium’s thickened walls make the heart work harder to pump blood. The heart may pump more freely to hold more blood or stiffen and harden as time goes on. Slide 11 Some of the symptoms of congestive heart failure is kidneys start retaining water and salt, edema in the legs, ankles, arms and feet. The lungs can start retaining fluid to. More weight from the excess of fluid puts stress on the heart, shortness of breath and more exertion on activity. Slide 12 Myocardial Infarction (MCI) is the medical term for heart attack. Some of the symptoms can include seizures, dizziness, fainting, fainting, chest pain or discomfort and extreme fatigue. The person may experience the heart racing really fast, like if they ran a marathon, but were sitting down and relaxing. If the individual has unexplained family deaths at an early age can put them in a higher-risk category. Slide 13 This slide is a picture depicting what might happen in a heart attack. A blood clot can dislodge and move through the blood stream until it blocks oxygen-rich blood from reaching the heart or major organ, or it completely blocks the pathway of blood flow. If not treated immediately, it can lead to tissue and muscles becoming damaged or dying all completely and then death. References Jenkins, Kemintz, Tortora (2010) Anatomy and Physiology. John Wiley and Sonc Inc. Kulik. (2013, April). www. medicinenet. com. Retrieved from Myocardial Infarction: www. medicinenet. com Ladwig, A. a. (2014). Nursing Diagnosis Handbook. Mosby by Elsevier Inc. National Stroke Association. (2012). After Stroke. Effects of Strokes, www. stroke. org. Potter, P. S. (2012). Fundamentals of Nursing. St. Louis: Mosby an imprint by Elsevier Inc .

Contradicting Notions of the Public Sphere Essay Example for Free

Contradicting Notions of the Public Sphere Essay The notion of Public Sphere by Jurgen Habermas is representative of the social realities of his country. In the same way, Nancy Fraser’s comment on Habermas’s Public Sphere reflects the society she is in. Therefore, their notions of Public Sphere contradict due to their different backgrounds. Considering this idea, readers should consider the backgrounds of the two authors in analyzing their concepts. In analyzing the notion of Public Sphere in the view of Habermas, let us consider the economic situation of Germany. On the one hand, we can say that Habermas’s notion of public is comprised of individuals who have enough food, shelter, clothing, education, employment, or other means of living.   Germany is a stable country, considering its GNP, and small population. On the other hand, the United States is resided by people of different backgrounds, from the poor, the average, up to the rich and wealthy, the Whites, the Blacks, and other migrants, etc. These people who comprise the population of America dictate to Fraser her notion of the public sphere. Considerably, Habermas’s concept of Public Sphere is very ideal. Its idealism actually makes it delimiting of the public it addresses. We can say that the public Habermas portrays or uses to conceptualize his thoughts is basically European. It does not consider the marginalized, the oppressed, or simply those who are experiencing sufferings and demarcation, such as the women, the uneducated, the unemployed or the multicultural population. In conceiving the public sphere as private people coming together as a public, debating over some publicly relevant topics, Habermas was thinking of unity and understanding among the sectors of the public. As such, there is nothing wrong with his ideas of voicing out public opinion within the Public Sphere; in fact it would be beneficial to both the government and the people. Habermas gives an account of the elements necessary to form a democratic country. He addresses this as the bourgeois Public Sphere, which has four primary elements. This sphere, he claims, entirely disregards status, and gives opportunity for everyone to share in the discussion. In other words, he proposes an inclusive Public sphere. Additionally, the discussion within the Public Sphere should address socio -political problems that need to be solved. Habermas considers the evolution of the public sphere he conceptualizes. It started with the bourgeois discussing in coffee shops, salons, and other familiar places. It later comprised the media, as the bourgeois in the 18th century established printing press, news companies, etc. Further consideration of this point suggests the use of media resources for gaining and expressing public opinion, which later limited the said public sphere to those in power. On the contrary, Fraser considers the notion of having the Public Sphere comprised of individuals from all walks of life. She claims that what Habermas proposes is not inclusive, but rather exclusive of those who are educated, and well-to-do. It therefore marginalizes the poor from the rich, and discriminates, in a way, the women and the multicultural individuals. She further argues that it is impossible to claim inclusiveness as marginalized groups are not considered part of the universal public. They themselves formed their own public spheres, which the author termed as counterpublics. She further offers a modern conception of the hegemonic public sphere, which opens up the political realm to everyone. She states that rather than ruling by power, there is now rule by the majority. To deal with the hegemonic domination, repressed groups form into Subaltern counterpublics to represent those who share their ideologies. The marginalized have learned to express themselves, and are working together toward a certain goal. Both authors have their good notions of the Public Sphere. Each works for the common good of the people. In Habermas, we can see that the Public Sphere he proposes is a way to resolve problems in the government and economy of a certain country. In addition, he proposes a body that watches over the public, an organized group of individuals who aim for an honest and successful governance. In her paper, Fraser shares the view that people have formed a Public Sphere that recognizes and represents every individual. She formulates that this sphere would be more representative of the people as it listens and learns from the marginalized sector in society. She disagrees with Habermas that regarding forming a public sphere of the knowledgeable, the more privileged.   In evaluating these two views, we must remember to consider the perspective of the authors. As mentioned above, Habermas who came from Germany may have only considered the society he was exposed to, in coming up with his own notion of Public Sphere. In contrast, Fraser who was exposed to multiculturalism in America may have applied her views in the Public Sphere she proposed. As such, the two authors came up with contradicting beliefs, since they had conflicting societies. Works Cited Habermas, Jà ¼rgen. The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere: An Inquiry into a Category of Bourgeois Society. (English Translation). Cambridge Massachusetts: The MIT Press, 1989. Alterity. 13 February 2005. Retrieved 25 March 2008 http://www.zephoria.org/alterity/archives/2005/02/nancy_fraser_re.html. Fraser, Nancy. Rethinking the Public Sphere: A Contribution to the Critique of Actually Existing Democracy. Social Text 25 (26): 56-80. Duke University Press, 1990.

Ethics Religion And Sustainable Production Marketing Essay

Ethics Religion And Sustainable Production Marketing Essay Building an efficient ethical supply chain requires applying strict measures which comprises of identifying, forming and maintaining good supplier relationship with both upstream and upstream. It is important that companies build a viable ethical supply chain as well encourage good working condition in accordance to existing labor laws in other improve brand image and build a strong reputation. In todays business world, building ethical supply chains is extremely vital as it also comes with a lot of benefits attached to the practice. Ethical supply chain is the practice of providing goods and services to customers while sure that the rule to ethical code is adhered to (Beamon, 2005) The world is becoming a global marketplace and companies must ensure that they have morally strong brand image and create a well trusted supply chain so as to add value not only to their brand but to their image in general, with the wide spread of internet and effective communication consumers are becoming aware of what is actually involve in production and distribution of goods and services. With the increasing rate of climate change people are becoming more conscious of how to care for the environment and the ways of how resources are being exploited. Interestingly, in these recent economic downturns big multinationals companies such as Kraft, Nestle and Starbucks have all managed to form strategic partnership with Rainforest Alliance for Ethical Sourcing of Coffee beans, according to (IGD.com, 2009) Kraft started working with Rainforest Alliance to show support as part of their contribution towards sustainability and helping the environment, shortly after gaining great experience Kraft successfully expanded more work with Rainforest Alliance and included other brands and with this, a total of 150,000 farmers benefited by gaining improved working conditions and better wages, they also helped to protect 70,000 acres of coffee farmland and helped protect rainforest plant and animal species as reported by (IGD.com, 2009) Nestle announced in 2005 to support sourcing its coffee beans ethically after bagging the title in the UK of being the most unethical company and partly responsible for driving down prices of coffee beans at the expense of poor small farmers, they decided to make a serious commitment to support Fair trade and fight poverty, invest in community projects such as improving schools and clinics, providing clean water and repairing roads. Fair Trade label is particularly strong and popular in the United Kingdom, The United States Starbucks made a pledge to make all of its popular espresso brand Fair Trade by the end of 2009 on the other hand, Nestlà © who happens to be a bigger brand with numerous has also join the bandwagon and made commitment to the mass consumer market like its number one rival Kraft, whose brands such as Maxwell house and Kenco has made sure all its coffee beans are from Rainforest Alliance certified farms. (Russell, 2009) Starbucks made a commitment to ethical sourcing in 2009, and has become one of the largest buyers of fair-trade coffee, they also made a decision to have 100% of its coffee certified or verified by an independent third party, such as TransFair USA. To show their commitment to the sustainability, they have planned to invest in communities by doubling loans to farmers by 2015. According to Starbucks, (starbucks.co.uk, 2011)responsibly grown, ethically traded coffee means working with farmers to produce coffee in ways that help provide benefits to their business, their communities and the environment. This falls in line with the Fair Trade objectives, which states that, coffee bean growers should be adequately compensated for their harvest. In addition, Fair Trades primary objectives is ensure that its sets standards for farmers organizations and labor are adhered to by all, they also work in the interest of small-scale producers and help them work in an organized manner, such as in a co-op and make sure all decisions are made democratically and not influenced. In Fair Trade, the farmers are allowed to form unions. While in the Rainforest Alliances standard, they do not get involved with the cooperation of farm workers, and are somewhat laidback. The Rainforest Alliance does not have any existing baseline premium for wages, and they only maintains the low wage bar set by local governments (Trauben, 2009) 2. According to research expert, (Johnson, 2010) who carried out a research in the UK to understand what consumers actually wants, in his studies he discovered that food is the most misunderstood area of public policy, as it accounts for 10% of household expenditure and is linked to 12% of employment, 70% of land use and 20% of energy use in the UK. He also mentioned that demand for food is higher than supply bearing in mind price, quality, availability and access such as logistics issues which play a very vital role in supply chain. (Doane, 2001) Defined ethical consumption as the purchase of a product that concerns a certain ethical issue human rights, labor conditions, animal well-being, and environment it is chosen freely by an individual consumer. With growing trends and change in lifestyle consumer behavior and expectations have changed, due to various issues which ranges from Self-interest to Purchasing Power. People are getting busier and barely have to cook and therefore have to rely on instant junk foods, maintaining a healthy diet is increasing becoming a difficult task but it is important to make sure that they consume ethically by making sure they are well informed of the food being sourced in a sustainable way. Sending out clear information to create awareness should be encouraged by the government so as to enable the food retailers provide more knowledge and give more information to improve the eating habit of consumers said the Chief Executive of Wm Morrison Supermarkets (Philips, 2010) it is the fourth biggest grocery retailer in the UK and has 479 stores with a strong focus on fresh products. However, having access to affordable healthy foods should be greatly encouraged and not excluded economically from enjoying healthy meals as these tends to be more expensive. With the recent economic downturn more people have very little disposable income to spend on buying food stuff as price for simple basic commodities such as rice witnessed an increase in price globally. (Philips, 2010) also said Key to the affordability of food is choice. Supermarkets offer wide choice in order not only to meet customers expectations but also to drive competition. This encourages innovation to help ensure excellent quality as well as to keep prices down. The conclusion of the research carried out by the (Johnson, 2010) is that consumers have growing expectations and it is the responsibility of the supermarkets to act sustainably, and not increase prices of more healthier foods, Fair trade products should be made affordable and serve as an economically sustainability initiative which helps the environment and must be backed by clear information and honest Fair Trade labeling of products so that consumers have clear knowledge of where the products originates from and the environmental impact. Consumers are becoming more aware of brands that practice responsible sourcing and procurement, carbon footprints and favorable ethical trade practices. Brands who adopt ethical sourcing are perceived as being environment friendly, these ethical firms avoid actions that may somewhat negatively influence, or appear to influence, supply management decisions for sourcing of resources. 3. Recommendations to help cure the ills of the coffee market would be as follows: a) Ethical Consumption should be encouraged in great measures so as to make consumers use their purchasing power as a means to change questionable ills of the coffee market business as well as the severe oversupply of low cost substandard coffee beans. According to (Jeremy, 2007) Fair Trade is defined as a trading partnership based on dialogue, transparency, and respect that seek greater equity in international trade. It contributes to sustainable development by offering better trading conditions to, and securing the rights of marginalized producers and workers especially in the South. One complaint amongst many coffee drinkers is that the quality of Fair Trade coffee varies widely. The fact that the growers are guaranteed a minimum price for their product may have unintended consequences, one being that there is no incentive to improve quality. b) Reward companies that practice high ethical standards to set an example for other unethical companies to change their ways of doing business, for example according to a recent study carried out by (Remi Trudel et el, 2012) in trying to understand how much more would consumers be willing pay for an ethically produced product? and also how much less would consumers be willing to pay for the product they think is unethical? 97 coffee drinkers were radomly chosen for the experiment and were told about the companys production standards, the result from the experiment showed that people punished unethical goods with a bigger discount than they rewarded ethical ones with premiums. c) Consume authentic ethical products d) Always check labels and investigate popular brands to understand its history of productionand encourage fairness in labor.

Consider The Theme Of Loneliness In The Novel Of Mice And Men. How :: English Literature

Consider The Theme Of Loneliness In The Novel Of Mice And Men. How Does It Affect The Characters? I will be looking at the theme of loneliness, how it effects the characters, how the scenes roll in with what's happening etc. When you read about George and Lennie you realise that they have a history. You think that they are a perfect pair. One is smart, aggressive, quick and looks out for the other (George) while the other one (Lennie) is slow, dumb, big, strong, kind, caring and needs to be looked out for. They fit together like a jigsaw. George and Lennie are the main characters and they are the only ones with the biggest dream - to get a big house with rabbits. That's what keeps them getting through the day. Their relationship together doesn't look close but it is. George once told Lennie to jump into a river. He did it and nearly drowned which I think showed George how much Lennie trusted him so Lennie thought that he would always be safe. Ever since then, George hasn't taken advantage of his power over Lennie. Two things drive their relationship. Their dreams, that keeps them going through the day and the fear of loneliness. Neither one of them wants to be alone nor so they fear it. Like when Lennie threatens to go into the cave alone and so therefore George fears and tries to keep him. George is a sharp man. His features are very precise and fixed. Each part of him is defined: small strong hands, slender arms and a thin bony nose. Steinbeck also says that he has restless eyes, which sometimes scares me because you get this picture in your head of tired open eyes. Steinbeck describes George like this so that he is the opposite of Lennie, which makes them opposite in every way. George's personality is a bit bad tempered. He's like Lennie's mother because he's always looking out for Lennie, which I guess makes him a caring person. He's also short tempered, as he gets agitated very easily, usually at Lennie. I think that the reason why George is so frustrated is because he has to put up with Lennie's stupidity all the time, which would make anyone frustrated. I guess you could call George friendly because he made friends with all of the people at the ranch except for Curley and his wife. He didn't make friends with them because being friends with them would cause trouble. That's a smart thing and being smart is another quality of George's personality. I think that by making George the opposite of Lennie, Steinbeck is

Declaring Independence :: History

Declaring Independence On May 10, 1775, the Second Continental Congress met in Philadelphia. The Congress dealt with the military crisis the colonies were in with England. It organized forces around Boston into the Continental Army and appointed George Washington to commander-in-chief. The Battle of Bunker Hill was the first major battle fought in the war. The colonists had made a fort on Bunker and Breeds Hills to fire on English ships approaching Boston. Thomas Gage ordered his British troops to attack the hills. He believed the task to be an easy one, but met great resistance. It took two British attempts to capture the two hills, which lead to many British casualties. The second attempt did run the colonists off the hills, but resulted in a greater colonial victory. Of the original 2500 Redcoats, only 1500 had survived the attack while only 400 of the Patriots had met with death. Although war had begun, the colonies still wanted to make peace with England. Only 1/3 of the colonists wanted to wage war with England. The people were afraid that if a major war was fought with England, that all traitors would be executed. The motives for the war were not against King George III. The colonies were rebelling against Parliament, not against the crown. The Olive Branch Petition was created in an attempt to persuade King George III to mediate for the colonies. King George ignored the petition and said to use full force against the colonies to crush the resistance to English government. Then in January 1776, Thomas Paine published â€Å"Common Sense† with stated that the American Colonies should be independent from England. This along with the King’s refusal to support the colonies caused the creation of the Declaration of Independence. The devastation caused by the Battle of Bunker Hill caused General Gage to be replaced with General William Howe. Howe ordered his troops to evacuate Boston and sailed his men to Nova Scotia to wait for reinforcements and to plan his next attack. How planned to isolate New England because it was though that most resistance originated from there. He intended to capture New York City and take control of the Hudson River. He also planned for an army, led by John Burgoyne, to march southward from Canada. Howe was successful in his attempts to capture New York City. General Howe’s victory in New York City began a repeating pattern for both himself and Washington.

custer :: essays research papers

The controversy of General Custer and the actions that culminated his fate and almost three hundred men under his command has long been discussed and debated by many historians as well as important military officials all trying to conclude what happened at the Battle of Little Bighorn. There have been countless myths and legends of what occurred on that fateful day in American history, but there has yet to be a solid right answer. This answer is difficult to conclude for one reason, there were no survivors of the battle from Custer’s troops. This led to the many different sides of story that were mostly fabricated by newspapers and authors to sell their papers and books, without much care towards the accuracy of the battle and it events. The book, Custer and The Great Controversy try’s to put into context the developing situations prior to and after the battle to get to the roots of these legends and myths to try and make sense of them. The author’s goal is not to come to a conclusion and a theory of his own, but to disregard the myths and legends of the past and in doing so shed some light on the controversy for people who may have thought otherwise. The author achieves this goal in a unique way by writing chronologically but at the same time writes about the major events of the developing controversy, sometimes overlapping in years but making smooth connections between similar the events. First, the author starts out by giving a background of The Battle of Little Bighorn. Describing the main characters of the battle and the events leading up to the battle and then finally the battle itself in a broad context. Doing this gives the reader a foundation of what lies ahead in the book. Secondly, the author describes the role of the press and its impact after the battle has concluded. The press can be looked upon as the main reason for the overwhelming myths and legends that followed due to their unwillingness to find the facts and their motivation to sell their papers. Thirdly, the author attends to the great debate that followed the battle a few years later, that was fueled by these myths and arose during this hostile time. The debate was between the critics who thought that Custer led his men into suicide by disobeying orders and selfishly seeking the individual pride and glory that followed him throughout his military career up until his death at The Battle of Little Bighorn.

Political Culture of Russia Essay

The nature of Russian political culture and by extension its politics has been shaped and molded over the previous centuries. While we can by no means attribute its entire political culture to a single event or time period, we also can’t point to a time period, say the Soviet time, and draw our perception of Russia’s political culture from that alone. That being said, the totalitarian nature of the Soviet State is by partial means attributable to Marxist-Leninist philosophies. The nature of Russian political culture was (and still is in many regards) authoritarian. Throughout Russia’s history there has been an authoritarian attitude in how the country should be ruled. The state was always there, the state was behind forced modernization policies from Peter the Great through Joseph Stalin, and today Vladimir Putin. Russia for the large part of its history been just as vast as it is today. The sheer size of it requires a centralized power to keep regional autonomy down. Every country that followed or still follows Marxist doctrine did (does) so with different flavors of Marxism, none of which are exactly and entirely what Karl envisioned. China and Russia were rivals in several policy areas throughout the 20th century. The same dichotomy can be seen between China and its smaller (communist) Southeastern Asian neighbors such a s Cambodia and Vietnam. Communist countries were partially authoritarian because of Marxism. The nature of establishing and perpetuating a command economy demanded authoritarianism. While China has wiggled out of many of the responsibilities and pitfalls of running a command economy by establishing market-driven economic reform, it remains authoritarian. This illustrates that while the key components of Marxism are abandoned, the system and its actors continue to grasp to power as it seeks to adapt and integrate itself into the world system. This is counter to previous attempts to establish a parallel world system behind Soviet ideology. Bottom line: the only way a Communist system can take continued hold and root itself into the political system is through authoritarianism. Not to mention the guise under which many of the Soviet Republics were brought into the fold and behind the Iron Curtain. These weren’t spontaneous Communist Revolutions toppling several governments around the world; it was the Russian’s moving in after having kicked the Germans out and act ing marionette to their new puppets. If it were populist support that kept Communist governments in power around the world one would not see states efforts to cripple freedoms of the press, of assembly, and of religion. Current Communist governments fear a slippery slope, and perhaps rightfully so, where an inch of social freedom given would mimic Mikhail Gorbachev’s reforms in the late 1980’s and lead to an eventual collapse. Russia’s Political culture is more authoritarian than a lot of countries around the world, but today it is a functioning quasi-democracy with authoritarian overtones. This goes to show that in the right circumstances, Russian’s can and will subject themselves to semi-authoritarian rule. Under other circumstances, such as the situation in the 1990’s that followed the collapse of the Soviet system, it’s a wonder that authoritarianism didn’t come back in force. Putin still governs with legitimacy at the front of his mind, and hasn’t suspended the constitution or ruled by decree. True democracy can and will eventually be realized, but realistically this is only possible through generational replacement and hard, slow change. The privatization process can be viewed with much rightful criticism, it didn’t take into account Russians lack of understanding of the West’s definition of ‘rational economic behavior’, nor did it find a happy middle ground between the two extremes of command economy and wild-west capitalism. What it did do was change the rules of the game being played. We can fault the broad shock therapy method for any number of shortcomings in the economic policy in the Russian arsenal, but it accomplished one incredibly more important goal. It changed the rules of the game. People who knew the rules (or knew which new rules were coming), mobsters, party officials, and Western interests, leapt upon the opportunity to make money hand over fist. This is still a vastly improved scenario as opposed to gradual economic reform, with the state greedily holding onto the â€Å"commanding heights† of the economy, and leaving the unprofitable sectors open for private investment and development. The large majority of the Russian people didn’t have a firm grasp on private property, or selling one of two cows to buy a bull, or how to ‘invest’ with these vouchers. The sharks ate them up in the incredibly free market. This is a point that was necessary for the facilitation o f real capitalism and eventually democracy in Russia. How does one instill in its population the concepts that go hand in hand with capitalism? My answer would be to force them to adapt to a changed environment. Gradual change would’ve perpetuated for a longer time the stagnation and poor cost-management of the Soviet period. An aggressive and immediate changing of the environment began the painful instilling of capitalist values into the populace and government. After the dust cleared and a new millennia unveiled, Vladimir Putin inherited a new Russia, with new problems, and an semi-regulated albeit capitalist system. I also reject the notion that a stake in a company translates to a certain level of commitment and productivity associated with it. I can think of just in my own history a number of bosses with a small level of commitment to the company, they weren’t there to operate or manage, they were there to own. That being said I’ve also experienced several hands-on owners, who corrected the techniques of severa l employees to their liking. My other inference comes from day-traders on the Stock Market. People with no vested interest in a company putting their money up because they think the stock will go up, not necessarily because they believe in the product. One doesn’t need a stake in a company to incentivize success within it, it sure helps, but it is not required and wouldn’t have made the Russian transition any less painful. The decades of propaganda had really affected some 10% of the population and they were the ones who fell off the cliff when the system changed. Russia in the 1990’s was bad, but it was nothing compared to the massive famines that led to the deaths of millions of Russians, or the Great Depression. Many Russian’s who bought into the Soviet ideology were left out in the cold, yet others found jobs, and others made easy money. 1991 was a turbulent time in Russia, the collapse of the system left countless questions unanswered about what the Russian state and its business sector would look like after the dust settled. I see absolutel y no way, no system, no path that could’ve mediated such a drastic change with minimal economic displacement and suffering. We could’ve lessened the blow with a Russian version of the Marshall Plan, but frankly that was much too much to expect from America. We were in a position of triumph after decades of struggle, and the prospect of the massive new markets had American businesspeople salivating. The Marshall plan also wouldn’t have worked as well as it did in Western Europe because the political and economic culture of Russia was very different from Western Europe. Saturating a country with cash and loans to build (or rebuild in the case of Western Europe) modern infrastructure was out of the question. Half the reasoning behind the Marshall Plan in the first place was to cultivate capitalism, and combat the spread of communism. What is to be gained from a US policy of propping up our old foe? This is especially true when there was so much money to be made via exploitation. Russia in the 1990’s was exactly was America desired it to be, complacent. The Russian mob played a major role in blocking true market reforms; they reveled in the post-collapse chaos and orchestrated the major piece of the Russian economy that is sti ll today conducted underground, and more importantly, free of tax revenue. While this percentage has decreased considerably, it still accounts for nearly a double digit hole in economic exchanges. Along with the mob, the Communist Party knew what was going to happen and planned accordingly. They snapped up the profitable sectors of the economy for pennies on the dollar and became fabulously wealthy. Both groups served as major obstacles in the path of real reform, and real democracy for Russia. The fact is that the reforms proposed were free-market in principle and not free-market in practice. Favors, subsidies, inside information, and possessing capital (not to mention the knowledge of how to use it) made for a grossly tilted economic playing field in Russia. Just like water, the money flowed down the tilt and into the hands of elites and future oligarchs, leaving real policy and progress for later leaders and generations to wrestle with. To quote Winston Churchill, â€Å"Democracy is the worst form of government, except for all those other forms that have been tried from time to time.† Western style democracy is by no means the pinnacle of human achievement, it is however a necessary condition to providing the basis for equality of opportunity, rule of law, and political representation. That is not to say that there is no value in the Russian path, or that it is inherently wrong. Order just isn’t as valuable (according to the West) when one holds the aforementioned societal values. Order works for Russia, much better than it ever could’ve worked in the â€Å"Go west, young man† America that encompassed so much of the formation of our identity. Order keeps the barbarians out, order keeps the serfs from rebelling, order centralizes power in an Empire. Russia, without the concept of order built in like ours of liberty, would’ve faltered and fell from the world stage many times, of this I have no doubt.. The two biggest examples of Order trumping Liberty (in Russia) I can imagine are the invasions of Napoleon and Hitler. In the former and the latter, slash and burn tactics were employed. Hell, Moscow was a husk in the dead of winter when Napoleon got there, and I have no doubt that similarly drastic measures would’ve been taken to preserve the Soviet state. People throughout the best land in Russia, burned their property, poisoned their livestock, poisoned their water, destroyed everything of use, and fled. The enormous sense of communal responsibility and togetherness that these behaviors exhibit illustrate that Order worked and may continue to work for Russians, in the same manner that Liberty worked for Americans. I could never imagine American’s destroying everything in the face of invasion and retreating. That’s sacrilegious in this country; luckily we didn’t have quite as aggressive neighbors as Russia had. The Russian political system must meet several criteria I believe before it is widely accepted as completely legitimate. First off, centrist parties crafted by United Russia have to dissipate. They’re there to fracture opposition support, and nullify the voices of the overriding political currents that sway governments to control of one party or another. Representative politics works best when it represents the electorate, if there are pressures to decrease opposition support via backhanded ways, then that is where one sees wide-spread dissent. United Russia may have the backing of a majority of the Russian citizenry, for now, but by treating the opposition as the problem rather than part of the solution, Putin and by extension United Russia is alienating many mainstream voters on the left and right. Their reaction is to then become more extreme and problemati c because they’re being talked down to. When legitimate political parties and beliefs aren’t represented, parties and organizations that hold them have nothing to lose by taking up much more extremist views. If they felt that United Russia would play ball, they wouldn’t be taking the positions that they have taken. They would come to the table with more of a pragmatist view and plan of compromise. The military’s role in the democratization of Russia needs to be minimal. I am of the belief that a Roman-style coup utilizing the military is a very real albeit remote possibility. Civilians need to be the head of their equivalent to the Department of Defense, and ending discrimination in the armed services is a must for minorities in Russia to truly feel that they have a say and a stake in the country as it moves forwards. Divided government demands compromise, and it is yet to be seen whether Russia is ready to grapple with and deal with people who don’t agree with you. As of this point, the answer has been to silence them, or to shuffle them into a centrist party like sheep, or to run up the tally of people who think like you. For Russia to move past the post-Soviet period it must start engaging opposition, utilize independent parties, and stop fighting the opposition. This is very possible, just not at a breakneck pace. Russia’s value of Liberty will inevitably keep the country moving towards a more representative and legitimate democracy, but its value of Order will make sure that it is a slow and deliberate process.

Egyptian Planning Law

Egyptian Administrative Systems Egyptian Administration & Planning System Egyptian Administrative And Planning Systems content 1. Egyptian administrative system (according to 1971 constitution) 1. 1 The local administrative system. 1. 2 Differences between Rural and Urban regions in Egypt. 1. 3 Relation between central and local authority. 1. 4 Parliamentary power (the elected councils). 2. Egyptian New Administrative System (according to 2012 constitution). 2. 1 Relation between central and local authority 2. 2 2. 2 Parliamentary power (The Elected Councils). 3.Egyptian planning system. (According to the unified planning law 119 of the year 2008). 3. 1. History of The Urban planning Systems 3. 2. The unified building law (Law 119 of the year 2008). 4. Urban Planning and Development (law 119 of the year 2008, Articles from 1 to 19). 4. 1. The New Planning Hierarchy. 4. 2. The Supreme Council of Planning and Urban Development structure. 4. 3. The General Organization of Physical Plann ing. 4. 4. The Regional Planning Centers (R. P. P. C) responsibilities. 4. 5. The General Administration For Urban Planning (Government). Responsibilities . 4. Local Authorities Responsibilities and Powers related to the planning issues. 5. Evaluation of the urban process after the unified urban law. 6. Hierarchy and Development plans contents. 7. Examples of the development plans. 6. 1. The National Urban Development Strategic Plan. 6. 2. The Regional Urban Development Strategic Plan (Greater Cairo Region). 6. 3. Helwan Government Urban Development Strategic Plan. 6. 4. El Zabw (Village) Urban Development Strategic Plan. Egyptian Administrative And Planning Systems 2 content List of Figures Figure (1). The Egyptian Governorates†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 6. Figure (2). Local Councils Structures †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 7. Figure (3). Egypt’s Planning Regions †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦16.. Figure (4). The National Urban Development Strategic Plan . †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ .. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦20. Figure (5). The Regional Urban Development Strategic Plan (Greater Cairo Region). †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã ¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦20. Figure (6). Helwan Government Urban Development Strategic Plan †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦21. Figure (7). El Zabw (village) Urban Development Strategic Plan †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦21. List of ShapesShape(1) The Egyptian Administration Hierarchy †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 5. Shape (2) self illustration The New Planning Hierarch†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã ¢â‚¬ ¦. 13. Shape (3) self illustration The supreme council of planning and urban development structure †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦. 14. Shape (4) The Supreme Council of Planning and Urban Development responsibilities . †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦. 15. List of Tables (Table 1) Responsible Governmental Bodies For Planning or Approving the plans before the issuing of the unified planning law (119 For the year 2008) †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 12. Table 2) The hierarchy and the content of the development plans. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 19. Egyptian Administrative And Planning Systems 3 Egyptian Administrative System Egyptian Admin istrative system (According to the 1971 constitution) Egyptian Administrative And Planning Systems 4 Egyptian Administrative System 1. The Egyptian Administrative System. Introduction Egypt is situated in northeast Africa and borders the Mediterranean Sea to the north along 995 km, the Red Sea in the east along 1,941 km, Palestine and Israel in the northeast along 265 km, Libya in the west along 1,115 km and Sudan in the south along 1,280 km.It is estimated that Egypt covers an area of 1. 2 million km?. Cairo (around 11 million inhabitants) is the capital of Egypt. According to estimates from 2012, the total 1 population of Egypt is 83,335,036. Today the country is organized on five levels. Art. 161 of the 1971 Constitution states that the Arab Republic of Egypt is divided into legally recognized administrative units. These are Governorates, Centers, Cities, Districts and villages. The Constitution also provides for other legally recognized administrative units to be established whe re it is in the public interest.Egypt consists of 27 governorate (fig. 1) and one city with autonomic character (Luxor), and those governorates contains 184 center â€Å"Markez†, Center’s region may contain one ore more fellow city, and the cities regions contains fellow districts or fellow villages according to the function, area and population of each urban settlement. As shown in shape 1. Shape(1) The Egyptian Administration Hierarchy In terms of the constitution, since Egypt became a republic in 1953, the country had various constitutions (1953,1956,1958,1964,1971, and finally 2012 constitution.But due to the absence of the parliament there is no laws issued yet based on that constitution so the next articles is based on the law 43 for the year 1979 based on the 1971 constitution. The Local Administrative System †¢ 2 1 26 184 218 †¢ Centralized Governorate Cairo †¢ Following Governorates †¢ Centers â€Å"Markez† Governorates are declared by a presidential decision. †¢ center and cities are declared by the prime minister. †¢ Function, area and population are the three factor the prime minister takes in consideration before converting a village into a city (after a proposal from the Local governmental unit). Cities 78 Districts 4168 Villages Differences between Rural and Urban regions in Egypt. Governorates are either fully â€Å"urban† or else an admixture of â€Å"urban† and â€Å"rural†. The official distinction between â€Å"urban† and â€Å"rural† is reflected in the lower tiers: i. e. fully urban governorates have no regions (Markez) , as the center â€Å"Markez† is natively a conglomeration of villages. Moreover, governorates may comprise just one city, as in the case of Cairo or Alexandria. Hence, these one-city governorates are only divided into districts (urban neighborhoods). Cairo consists of 23 districts; Alexandria consists of 6. 1) Source: Information and decision support center, Egypt’s description by information (2007), vol. 1. (2)Art. 1 in the law 43 of the year 1979 Egyptian Administrative And Planning Systems 5 Egyptian Administrative System Introduction Figure (1). The Egyptian Governorates. 3 Egypt consists of 27 governorate (fig. 2) and one city with autonomic character (Luxor), and those governorates contains 184 center â€Å"Markez†, Center’s region may contain one ore more fellow city, and the cities regions contains fellow districts or fellow villages according to the function, area and population of each urban settlement.As shown in figure 1. (3) Source: Information and decision support center, Egypt’s description by information (2007), vol. 1. Egyptian Administrative And Planning Systems 6 Egyptian Local Administrative System 1. 2 Local Democracy 4 1 Each administrative unit in Egypt, on all the levels, governorates ,centers, cities, districts or villages has two councils. As Shown in fig ure (2). One if them is appointed â€Å"The Executive Council† and the other one is the public assembly which is elected by the people. The Egyptian constitution adopts elections as the method for appointing members of local popular councils. onstitution states that â€Å"local popular council are formed progressively on the level of admin. Units by means of direct suffrage. 4 That the councils are elected through direct and secret votes and the mandate is for 4 years. 5 The last revisions to the constitution in 2005 and 2007 aimed to give interest to the local elections as it gave the local elected officials the right to sponsor and support independent candidates during presidential 1 elections. Figure (2). LOCAL COUNCILS STRUCTURES Source: Ennahar (M-M), L'administration locale entre centralisation et decentralisation, Librairie Jalaa El Haditha, 2001, p. 17 and s. (in Arabic). Relation between central and local authority Local councils are subject to many checks carried o ut by central authorities, which have the last word in terms of managing local affairs. Local councils also comes under jurisdictional control and the people’s 1 assembly on the other hand, the governor has considerable trusteeship and powers of control over local councils within the governorate popular council has control over the lower councils, according to the hierarchy established between local authorities .Control of Executive power Art. 139 of the law gives the power to the prime minister to declare the dissolution of local councils although the Egyptian legislating has established the principal for electing the local councils it didn’t exclude nominating particular members by the governor. Parliamentary power (The Elected Councils) Parliament adopts laws setting out the allocations of local authorities.It also has control over councils and local authorities according to the following terms: 1 – Members of the People’s Assembly have the right to at tend popular council meetings, to participate in debates, ask questions, offer suggestions and request information without taking part in the voting process. 2 – The minister in charge of local administration is required to present an annual report to the President of the People’s Assembly on the activities and accomplishments of the local popular councils as part of the development plan and the budget of each governorate. – The People’s Assembly must be informed of all decisions concerning the dissolution of a local popular council within two weeks of the decision to allow the Assembly to verify that the aforementioned decision conforms to the law. (4) Dr. Khaled Zaki, Department of law, Ein Shams University, UCLG country profile Egypt. (5) Art. 16 of the 1971. (5) Amended law no. 43 of the year 79. Egyptian Administrative And Planning Systems 7 Egyptian Local Administrative Systems (according to the new constitute). Egyptian Administrative system (Accor ding to the new constitution (2012)Egyptian Administrative And Planning Systems 8 Egyptian Local Administrative Systems (according to the new constitute). 2. 1 Relation between central and local authority ? Art (183). The country is distributed into local administrative units, each has its own character, and it includes governorates, centers (Markez), cities, districts, and villages, the unit could contains one or more village or district, that’s all according to what the law states, in the direction of insuring the decentralization concept, stabilizing the units of provision of utilities and local services, develop it and manage it. Art (184). The country adopt the needs of the local units from technical, managerial and financing support, and grunting the fair distribution of the utilities and services and resources, and decrease the development gap and rate between the units, As regulated by law. ? Art (185). Taxes and the local fees (original and additional fees) going und er the financial resources of the units, and follow the same rules, regulation and the same procedures of the country’s money. As regulated by law. Art (186). The law organizes the contribution and cooperation between the local units and each other in the mutual benefit projects, and the means of cooperation between them and the different country’s authorities. ? Art (187) The law organizes the way of choosing the governors and the local governmental units presidents and specifies their powers and responsibilities. Egyptian Administrative And Planning Systems 9 Egyptian Local Administrative Systems (according to the new constitute). 2. Parliamentary power (The Elected Councils) ? Art (188). †¢ Each Local Governmental Unit (LGU) elects a popular council through a direct and the secret ballot for 4 years. †¢ The candidates required to be older than twenty-one years. †¢ The council includes representative from the Executive authority and they don’t h ave an accountable voice. †¢ Each council elects its president and the procurator from the council’s members. †¢ And the law organizes the other nomination conditions and the election procedures. Art (189) Each LGU is responsible for the unit it represent, and implement and run the local utilities and the economic, social and health sectors , as regulated by law. ? Art (190) Decisions of the LGUs consider as definitive decisions, and it’s not allowed for the executive authority to interfere or to change except some cases: †¢ The council exceeded its responsibilities. †¢ The decisions made are Detrimental for the public interest. †¢ In case of disagreeing and controversy on the responsibilities of the LGUs, the country council’s Assembly is responsible to decisive and to clarify the LGUs responsibilities.As regulated by law. ? Art (191) Each LGU is responsible to state their budget and their final accounts, as regulated by law. ? Art (192 ) It’s not possible to dissolute the LGUs with a comprehensive managerial decisions. And the law organize the way of dissolution the councils and the way of reelecting it. Egyptian Administrative And Planning Systems 10 Egyptian Planning System According to the old constitute (1971) and the Unified Building law 119 of the year 2008 Egyptian Administrative And Planning Systems 11Egyptian Planning System law) 3. 1 History of The Urban planning Systems (Before issuing the unified building Obstacles faced the implantation of urban planning process before the unified law Before issuing the unified planning law in 2008 the Egyptian planning system faced a lot of obstacles, the most prominent one was the interfering between the ministries and entities objectives and responsibilities covered by defective laws. †¢ Tasks overlapping and duplication of urban developments plans. Contradictions in decision making. †¢ Lack of co-ordination among these wide number of concerned ent ities. The following table shows the overlapping between the Egyptian entities in the planning decision making 6 (Table 1) Responsible Governmental Bodies For Planning or Approving the plans before the issuing of the unified planning law (119 For the year 2008) (6) Analysis of housing supply mechanism In Egypt. Final report, 2007, the world bank. Egyptian Administrative And Planning Systems 12 Egyptian planning System 3. 2.The unified building law (Law 119 of the year 2008) Introduction Recognizing the major challenges of enforcing urban planning and building regulations due to the contradictions between many laws and decrees issued over time MHUUD proposed to combine all related laws for planning and building in one low to avoid any further conflict The unified building law comprises five chapters 1. urban planning and development. 2. building codes. 3. Conditions for demolitions of buildings . 4. Protection and maintenance of housing buildings. 5. Preservations of buildings with c ultural or architectural importance. . Urban Planning and Development 4. 1. The New Planning Hierarchy 7 The idea was institutionalize the urban planning process in Egypt and ensure the efficient of the decisions and the implementation of the development plans. Decentralize the urban planning process within the GOPP Through the establishment of the regional centers to support the local units in performing their assigned tasks in urban planning. Giving the smaller units much bigger role in the decision making process. Shape (2) self illustration The New Planning Hierarchy 7) Law 119 of the year 2008, Articles from 1 to 19. Egyptian Administrative And Planning Systems 13 Egyptian planning Systems 4. 2. The Supreme Council for Planning and Urban Development. (Shape 3) self illustration : The supreme council of planning and urban development structure 8 The Supreme Council for planning and urban development Responsibilities 1-the council is responsible for approving and declaring the na tional goals and policies for the planning and urban development and the urban harmony. 2-The council is responsible for achieving goals of urban development. -coordinating between different entities concerned with planning and urban development and linking between the state's economic development plan and urban development plans. 4-Specifying the valuable lands putting a vision for each land. 5-Empower the stakeholders to take their rules and responsibilities to achieve the national goals. 6-Evaluate the implantation of the National and the Regional strategic plans. 7-approving and declaration of The new urban development projects that lying outside the already stated urban borders according to the strategic development plans for the city or the village.The president announce the creation of the new city according to the recommendation of the supreme council. Deficits of the Supreme council for urban development and planning. †¢ The supreme council has no fixed dates to meet. †¢ Through the last 3 years they had only one meeting and the result was a visionary plan to develop the desert but due to the change of the cabinet the vision was cancelled. †¢ Before the revolution there was no data whether they had a meeting or not. (8)Based on art. 3. to 6. in the law 119 for the year 2008. Egyptian Administrative And Planning Systems 14Egyptian planning Systems 4. 3. The General Organization for Physical Planning (GOPP) 9 The General Organization for Physical Planning is the responsible authority in the country for putting the general policies and visions for a sustainable urban development and preparing development plans and programs on all the levels (national, regional, locally), and responsible for revising and approving the urban plans on the local level according to the frame of the national and regional goals and policies. The General Organization for Physical Planning responsibilities10 Shape 4) self illustration of the Supreme Council for Pla nning and Urban development Responsibilities As it shown in shape 4, the GOPP has almost the responsibility of every thing related to planning and urban development in Egypt, on all the scales and levels, even when they tried to breakdown this load and decentralize the process by creating the GOPP regional centers they kept the higher word in the GOPP’s hand. That lead to a weak planning process and very long time taken to start and finish a strategic development plan for any village or city. (9) ART 5. in the physical regulation list of the law 119. (10) ART 6. n the physical regulation list of the law 119. Egyptian Administrative And Planning Systems 15 Egyptian planning Systems Egypt's Planning Regions* Delta Region Alexandria region Suez canal region Northern upper Egypt region Asyut Region South Of Upper Egypt Region Fig. (2) The Planning Regions. Source Information and decision support center, Egypt’s description by information (2007), vol. 1. In 2004 GOPP decide d to breakdown the Egyptian planning regions into 7 regions according to the existing economical regions, each region consists of more than 2 governorates, and they were distributed according to the main function of each governorate.That initiative purposed to decentralize the planning process and to distribute the work load on the new centers, As each center supposed to be more interfered in the region problems by coordinating with the local governorate directorate units (one in each governorate) and prepare a primary development plan for each city and village in the region with the coordination and cooperation of the local planning units and assemblies. So those centers are the GOPP’s arms, the link between the GOPP and the very local planning units.But still those centers don’t have the power to approve a development plan or a program, GOPP has the upper hand to approve or refuse any development plan. So it was a decentralization of the work load not in the decision making process but it’s a step in the right path of decentralization. * For more details read Annex 1 Egyptian Administrative And Planning Systems 16 Egyptian planning Systems 4. 4. The Regional planning centers (R. P. P. C) responsibilities ART. 7. the executive regulations list of the law 119 †¢ Establishing a regional planning center in each planning region (Fig. ) follow the GOPP and taking over its responsibilities. †¢ Offer the technical support for the government's general admin. For urban planning units. †¢ Supervising the preparation and the implementation of the strategic plans for the region government’s cities and villages. (Based on ART.. 11,12,13 from the law 119 for the year 2008) †¢ The governmental Planning department studies the proposed development plans from the local public authorities with the contribution of the local public council. The regional planning centers takes the responsibility for preparing the local development pl ans for the city or for the village . †¢ The regional planning center revise the plan and change it according to the notes. †¢ The General Organization For Physical Planning revise and approve the development plan. †¢ Preparing the regulation booklet for the cities or villages detailed plans. 4. 5. The General Administration Directorate For Urban Planning in each (Governorate) Responsibilities. ART. 8. n the executive regulations list of the law 119 of the year 2008. †¢ Establishing in each governorate a general administration for the urban planning, takes over inside it region the responsibilities of preparing the detailed plans according to the planning regulations and building codes for the different land-uses also responsible for preparing the development programs. †¢ That’s all under the supervision of the regional planning center the unit follow. Based on the ART.. 8, 10, 14 from the law no. 119 of the year 2008. The general administration for u rban planning is responsible for preparing a comprehensive report and submit it to the regional planning center , that report includes the needs and the development priorities for each city and village on the local level. †¢ Each unit Represent it’s development vision, suggestions for the required projects and the working plan to achieve this suggestions. †¢ The concerned managerial entity, the local assembly, the concerned executive authorities and representatives from the civil societies cooperate with the administrative units in making the proposed development plans. The general admin. Units is responsible for representing the proposal of the strategic plan for the city or the village to the citizens , the concerned entities and the local assembly. †¢ Write the notes and the objections on the proposal and send them back to the regional planning center. Egyptian Administrative And Planning Systems 17 Egyptian planning Systems 4. 6 Local authorities Responsibi lities and Powers related to the planning issues Based on the Art. 115, 116,117,118 from the law no. 3 of the year 1979 †¢ Local authority can only be involved in joint investment projects using foreign investment after the acceptance of the concerned planning entities and the national investment authority and the central government. †¢ Local public authorities are responsible for preparing an integrated development plans based on the investment’s opportunities and strengths and putting a vision for managing the resources and send them to the concerned planning entities. The local authorities with the contribution of the planning entity, directed by the recommendations of the local public council puts the goals to achieve social and economical development. Based on the Art. 9, 16,17,19. of the 119 law of the year 2008. (executive regulation list. ) †¢ According to the needs and requirements the local assemblies specify, The GOPP through it’s regional cen ters and the governmental executive authority prepares the development plan and the local urban policies. The local units are responsible for supervising and reporting the development plans implementation progress for the governmental planning units and the regional planning centers. ART 16. †¢ In case of renewal plans and re-planning of the industrial, handicraft zones and the urban sprawl areas and the areas with a special values, the governor approve the plans after the approving of the public assembly and the local authority. ART 17. †¢ the local authority isn't allowed to give building and constructing permissions unless the project stated in the detailed plans prepared by the governmental planning unit.Art. 19 †¢ the governor issue the taxes and fees of building after the approval of the local assembly. Egyptian Administrative And Planning Systems 18 Egyptian planning Systems 5. Current planning process (decision making) and concerned entities. (self evaluation) . Prepare the plan Require it’s approval Informed by the plan Prepare a primary plan (comprehensive S. W. O. T. analysis) Putting the policy and development strategies 1 prepares the detailed plans for it’s own projects. 2 prepares the detailed plans for it’s own projects.According to the unified building law the problems happened before issuing it like overlaps of responsibilities and Lack of co-ordination among these wide number of concerned entities supposed to be solved by creating the supreme council for urban planning, But still the council itself is not efficient as it has no fixed dates to meet and the army still have the higher word in all of the projects like a country inside the country (even in the new constitution), also for the public participation in the local assemblies still very weak and un-efficient because people don’t trust the government and the executive authority before and after the revolution, Corruption and fast money making sti ll leading the planning system in Egypt. Self evaluation for the situation after the unified building law. Egyptian Administrative And Planning Systems 19 Egyptian planning Systems 6. (Table 4) The hierarchy and the content of the development plans. Responsible entity Produced plans Content of plans †¢ †¢ National level †¢ †¢ †¢ Regional level †¢ Specify the national planning principals and the urban development projects Specify the national projects and it’s implantation phases. specify the public sector role in the development plan. Specify the national and regional planning vision and principals for each planning region.Specify the national and regional projects and it’s implantation phases. Specify the stakeholders and the partners for each project Specify the regional planning vision and principals for the government and matching it with the local cities and villages strategic plans. Prioritizing the projects and specific the implanta tion phases for each Specify the stakeholders and the partners for each project. Map’s scale †¢ Supreme council †¢ GOPP. – †¢ †¢ GOPP R. P. C. 1-250000 1-100000 †¢ †¢ Governorate level †¢ †¢ GOPP †¢ R. P. C. †¢ The General Administration Directorate 1-50000 1-25000 †¢ †¢ Strategic levels (cities, district and villages) †¢ †¢ †¢ State the futuristic vision for each city and village.Puts the Social- economical- environmental plans and the local urban development plans to achieve the sustainable development. Specify the boundaries for each city and village. Determine the urban sprawl direction and specify the futures needs of land. specify the implementing plans, priorities , and the financing entities. Setting the Planning and building codes and regulations. Setting the Infrastructure and land uses implementing programs according to the approved city or village strategic plans. †¢ GOPP †¢ R. P. Centers †¢ The General Administration Directorate 1-10000 †¢ Detailed Plans For the (cities, district and villages) †¢ †¢ GOPP †¢ R. P.Centers †¢ The General Administration Directorate †¢ Local authority 1-5000 1-1000 Egyptian Administrative And Planning Systems 20 Egyptian planning Systems 7. (Figure 4) The National Urban Development Strategic Plan 3 7. 2. (Figure 5) The Regional Urban Development Strategic Plan (Greater Cairo Region) 3 (3) General organization for physical planning, . Egyptian Administrative And Planning Systems 21 Egyptian planning Systems 7. 3. (Figure 6) Helwan Government Urban Development Strategic Plan Development strategy New cities sector New purposed urban settlements New purposed industrial zones New purposed port The Governorate urbanized sector The governorate apital â€Å"Helwan† New purposed industrial zones Existing industrial zone New investment area Dry Port â€Å"Cairo-Sokhna† Proposed Olymp ic city Proposed Olympic city International amusement park Natural Protectorates Helwan touristic Nile path The Governorate Rural sector Existing cities and rural settlements New proposed urban settlements Back desert settlements Existing agricultural lands Proposed agricultural lands Proposed agricultural lands Agricultural industry zones Dry port (El Koraymat- Al Za’afarana) Regional road (Cairo- Luxor) Regional road (Helwan- Suez) Regional road (Nile path) Main road (Al-Autostrade) Regional road (Al-Koraymat) 3 7. 4. (Figure 7) El Zabw (village) Urban Development Strategic Plan 3 (3) General organization for physical planning, .Egyptian Administrative And Planning Systems 22 Annex I. The Number of the economic regions and their capitals The presidential decree No 495 for the year 1977 established eight economic regions and identified a capital for each region. These regions were: 1) Cairo Region: Cairo is the capital. The region shall comprise Cairo and Giza governorates. 2) Alexandria Region: Alexandria is the capital. The region shall comprise Alexandria and Behira governorates as well as the Nobareyya area. 3) Delta Region: Tanta is the capital. The region shall comprise the governorates of Monufeyya, Gharbeyya, Kafr Al-Sheikh, Damietta and Daqahleyya. 4) Suez Canal Region: Ismailia is the capital.The region shall comprise the governorates of Sinai, Port Said, Ismailia, Suez and Sharqeyya, as well as the northern part of the Red Sea governorate up to, and including, the Gulf of Suez. 5) Matrouh Region (MERGED WITH ALEXANDRA REGION): Matrouh is the capital. The region shall comprise the governorate of Matrouh. 6) Northern Upper Egypt Region: Menia is the capital. The region shall comprise the governorates of Bani Suef, Menia and Fayoum, as well as a northern part of the Red Sea governorate. 7) Asyout Region: Asyout is the capital. The region shall comprise the governorates of Asyout and New Valley. 8) Southern Upper Egypt Region: Aswan is the capit al. The region shall comprise the governorates Sohag, Qena and Aswan, as well as the southern part of the Red Sea governorate.In 1986, a prime ministerial decree number 181 was issued to merge Matrouh region with Alexandria region, and to have Alexandria is the capital of this new region. This meant that the number of regions decreased from eight to seven. It is worth mentioning that in the same year, the prime minster issued decree no 197 to establish a committee to examine the governorates composing economic regions in Egypt, however the committee did not recommend any changes in the composition and boundaries of the economic regions. In other words, the current number and composition of economic regions in Egypt still follows the last amendments made in decree number 181 for the year 1986. Egyptian Administrative And Planning Systems 23 Annex II (Abbreviations). ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMSCAPMAS Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics ESW Economic Sector Work ECES Eg yptian Center for Economic Studies FY Fiscal Year GCR Greater Cairo Region GOE Government of Egypt GOPP General Organization for Physical Planning HDB Housing and Development Bank IDA Industrial development authority IDSC Information and Decision Support Center. LGU Local governmental units MENA Middle East and North Africa Region MHUUD Ministry of Housing, Utilities and Urban Development MOI Ministry of Investment MOMDP Ministry of Defense and Military Production NAHP National Affordable Housing Program NAHPA National Affordable Housing Program Agency NUCA New Urban Communities Authority R. P. C Regional planning centers TDA Tourism development authority Concerned Ministries and Entities Ministry of Ministry of Housing, Utilities and Urban Development. Ministry of Defense . Ministry of Endowments. Ministry of Investment . Ministry of Agricultural. Ministry of Transportation .Ministry of Electricity and Energy. Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation. Entities, Authorities and Se ctors GOPP concerned with the whole country urban planning and development on all levels. NUCA concerned with the detailed planning of the new cities, including the regulations and policies of each city. TDA concerned with the touristic projects, As planning and putting the policy and the regulations for each project and each touristic land. IDA concerned with the industrial projects. Egyptian Administrative And Planning Systems 24 References References †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Unified urban law â€Å"law 119† for the year 2008 – Articles from â€Å"1-27†. (In Arabic).Unified urban law The executive regulation list of the â€Å"law 119† for the year 2008 Articles from â€Å"1-27†. (In Arabic). The local authorities management law â€Å"law 43† for the year 1979. (In Arabic†. Dr. Khaled Zaki, Department of law, Ein Shams University, UCLG (United Cities and local Governments), country profile Egypt, www. (Analysis of housi ng supply mechanism In Egypt. Final report, 2007, the world bank. †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Information and decision support center, Egypt’s description by information (2007), vol. 1. www. gopp. org. http://www. uclg. org/en http://www. cities-localgovernments. org/gold/country_profile_africa. asp#c82 Egyptian Administrative And Planning Systems 25